#mining method

[yesinflatablepackers]

Block Caving - A Cost-Effective Underground Mining Method

Block caving is a very efficient underground mining method. Its costs are lower than other mining methods per tonne mined. In addition, it requires a lower ventilation requirement. It also allows for a more flexible use of equipment, such as LHDs.

In block cave mining, a section of the rock mass is undercut and then collapses into excavations. These form ore extraction drawpoints.

Cost-effectiveness

Compared with other mining methods, block caving is one of the most cost-effective ways to mine copper and gold. It also reduces the need for surface waste disposal. However, it requires substantial planning and infrastructure and a long lead time. This method can be more sensitive to world events than other mining techniques, making it a riskier investment.

To develop a block cave, access shafts are excavated to a level below the ore body. Horizontal tunnels, known as haulage tunnels, are then dug benearth the ore body. These are followed by a series of upward-sloping tunnels, known as raises. Blasting is used to create these, and large rock funnels, called drawbells, are excavated beneath the undercut level.

A major challenge for block cave mining is the ability to fracture the rock mass and generate enough fragmentation to support long-life drawpoints and excavation tunnels. This requires preconditioning, which is a comprehensive process that includes destressing and fracturing the in situ rock mass.

Safety

Block caving is a safe mining method, but it requires special skills and equipment. Mining machinery manufacturers have been developing automated systems to increase safety. Caterpillar has developed a system for loading and hauling that is specifically designed for block caving, making it safer for miners.

This system will enable real-time mapping of cave material movement, which can help minimise dilution and improve recovery. It will also allow miners to design cave layouts that are more efficient. It will also help reduce mine safety risks and environmental impacts.

The technology has already been tested at Ridgeway Deeps and was found to be effective. It will be available on the market next year. Its development is supported by the mining industry and the University of Western Australia. Increasing numbers of PEAs and feasibility studies are recommending the use of this technique. This is a good sign that the future of block caving is bright. It can be used for both new mines and for extending the life of open pits.

Environmental impact

The success of block caving means mining companies are turning to it for deeper ore bodies that could not be mined profitably using traditional methods. However, deeper rocks are stronger and less fractured, so they require a lot more support to allow for natural caves to form. This means that companies need to give nature a helping hand, using technologies such as remote operation and collision avoidance systems for hydraulic breakers.

The development sequence for a block cave begins with the establishment of access drifts around the ore body. Once this is done, a grid of crosscuts are developed for workers and equipment. A new level is then developed above the first drift, and mining begins. Blasting and hydraulic breaking are used to break up the ore.

The key to successful block cave mining is a well-designed development, which allows for the creation of undercuts that will automatically collapse when the orebody is undercut. The dimensions of the undercuts are important, as they determine the speed at which ore is drawn down through the drawpoints and transferred to the transfer raises. Insufficient undercuts can lead to a loss of productivity and may cause the cave roof to stabilize or even collapse.

Technology

Increasingly, mining companies are considering block caving as an alternative to developing new mines or extending the life of existing open pits. The method involves drilling access shafts into an ore deposit and excavating a network of tunnels underneath the surface. These tunnels are known as haulage tunnels and are linked by upward-sloping rock funnels called raises. They are excavated by blasting from a central location called an undercut.

Block caving has several advantages over other underground mining methods. It offers higher production rates and lower operating costs. It also reduces the amount of waste rock generated by a mine, as it is buried below ground level.

However, the process requires significant initial investment and long lead times. It can take up to 20 years for a large-scale block cave to be established. Furthermore, the method is not suitable for all ore bodies. The rocks should be competent, with good permeability and low fracture energy.

[r0semultiverse]

WHAT HAPPENED TO THE ORIGINAL MARCELINE OF THE WINTER KING'S UNIVERSE!? 😨

Is the implication that Ice King took her out with all of the other oozers or did the oozers end up killing her?? Either way, it seems that this Simon was not coping well with any of what was going on in his life. Living a life of hypocrisy & ruling a false kingdom.

[lesbiansuga]

ytc busan yoongi save me save me ytc busan yoongi....

cr.moreloveforhobi

[deadrlngers]

I'm the reticent vampire of the Ninth Arrondissement. I walk the night capturing disappointment and regret as only the reticent vampire can.

INTERVIEW WITH THE VAMPIRE (2022-)

[the---hermit]

how I take notes on non fiction books

I recently made a post on my study method, and decided to make a whole separate post on my note taking method. The structure of the notes I write doesn't vary too much from my lecture notes to things I might have to read. A couple of useful informations you might want to know before I start actually talking about note writing is that I am mainly focused on studying history (tho I have had other humanities exams in my degrees), and that I study for oral exams in which the material is mainly composed of non fiction books, but sometimes include articles as well as lecture notes. Somehow I have also failed to mention that I am speaking about HANDWRITTEN NOTES. I only do handwritten notes, I don't work well digitally, so keep that in mind. And with this being said brace yourselves for a very long post. The bullet points I will be making are not really in a specific order and I will be including a few pictures too.

The first step when I am working on the materials for an exam is to figure out in which order I will be reading (and writing notes) the books. This hasn't really much to do with the notes themselves, but it's important to know which of your materials is more general and what other things go more in depth, so that you don't struggle too much while studying. Another plan related thing I always do is to write down each chapter of the book I have to study on my bullet journal and how many pages it is so I can plan my studying more comfortably. If the chapters are very long, and divided in subchapters I sometimes also write those down.

The goal of the notes I write is to fully take the place of the book, so they tend to be very detailed and long. I do this because the very act of writing is part of my study method, and working on things I have written down in my own words is just much better for the type of learner I am. So basically I read the book only once, then it goes back on the shelf and I work exclusively on the notes. This means my notes need to be detailed and well organized.

My method is to read a chapter, underlining important stuff as I am reading, and then right after I am done reading I work on the notes for that chapter before moving onto the next. I do this because it makes the note writing more effortless, I am fresh with informations I just read and I basically just need to skim over what I have underlined.

On underlining, since it is so important. I underline everything I will be including in my notes, it might seem much as sometimes it consists of full paragraphs, instead of key words. But this is okay because my notes I don't just copy and paste.

To create useful notes you need to be re-elaborating the informations. You need to read, understand what you read, and be able to write it down using your own words. That way the notes will be easier to review, they will often be composed of shorter sentences, and by doing so you are also actively making writing part of your studying and not just a mindless activity.

Personally I don't work well with full pages summaries, I need the text to be visually broken into sentences/small paragraphs, and I use a lot of symbols as well as abbreviations.

Symbols and abbreviations are in a way part of your very own language when you are writing notes, you tend to develop these with time, but they are so useful. I personally use different types of arrows, all caps words, position of the text in the page, different methods of highlighting and abbreviations (usually for words that come up often like country names, for example Italy becomes ita, France becomes fr, etc.).

Your notes need to be useful for you, they don't have to necessarily be comprehensible for another person (which means you can and will fuck up sentence structure because sometimes skipping a couple of words makes the notes shorter and still understandable), and they do not have to be pretty. They should be as tidy as possible, but again that might change from person to person, I have some very messy looking notes that make total sense to me. With time you'll learn what works best for you.

I have a visual memory so as I mentioned titles, highlighters, all caps, the placement on the page and other similar things are very important in my notes. I cannot fully exapain some of these things because some definitely only make sense to me in the moment (like the words I choose to write in all caps, or the way I highlight things).

I like to have a clear chapter and subchapter break (so that in case I need to refer back to the book it's super effortless). I like to write those with a red pen, usually the chapter title is in all caps and the subchapter in coursive, but it really depends.

I use only two highlighters in each set of notes yellow for dates, and the colour I associate with the book/the subject of the book (I have synesthesia I don't make the rules when it comes to colours). This of course might change depending your preferences and on the element of your notes you want to focus on. I like to have spacific colour for dates and time periods, because of course while studying history that is a fundamental element. If you are focusing on other subjects you might want to have a specific colour for names, or other elements.

I like to leave a big side margin to add either key words (especially in lecture notes since they might be messier and jump around informations more often), or additional information in a second time (sometimes it happens, after you read another book, or attended a particular lecture you have to add a couple of sentences and I rather have a blank space that never gets used rather than no space at all for emergencies).

I honestly mentioned everything that came to mind right away, but since note writing is now basically a mindless skill I have been practicing for years I surely forgot about something. I might end up adding to this post in the future or write another one. My note-writing method has also changed a lot thought the years from high school to university, it's a skill I have been perfecting for the past decade. This to say that depending on what you are working on things might change, and by experimenting with different things you might find out things that work very well for you. If you have any questions on specific things I didn't mention or that wen't clear my inbox is always open and I am more than happy to help.

Since this post is already very very long I am adding the pictures below the cut

Example of a page of notes before and after highlighting

Example of symbols and structure of the notes and the way I highlight things (in which you'll hopefully be able to understand my handwriting, and in which there might be some spelling errors but alas that often happens in my real notes as well so if there are any it's for the sake of accuracy lmao). If I end up adding informations on the margins I always use a pen of a different color so I can tell which informations I got from what source (ex. main notes from lecture, colorful notes from additional article).

Example of messier notes in which the main text in black are the notes I took during lectures and the additional colorful text was added while writing the materials (I rarely do this, it usually happens when the lectures follow a book precisely, which happens when we have to study books or summaries written by the professor). As you can see I often use post it notes to add more writing space, and sometime I even use them to create visually separated sections. If I end up adding some drawings I also usually like to have them on post it notes so they stand out more (and if you are wondering why the hell would an history student need drawings it's usually either because I need a map or a region/state to mark things out, or when studying for archaeology exams I often needed visual references, for example to identify different types of vases or decorations).

[zxnin]

Tengen Uzui | Sound Hashira ♫

[anakinh]

Cloud. I've come across the most fascinating passage.

[canon-gabriel-quotes]

Transcript:

I'd like to congratulate you on getting your CPR certification.

Now remember, when you’re going in for compressions, it should sound like somebody is standing behind you with the worlds largest Dorito and cracking it open!

Go in firm and hard and snap as many ribs as you can on the way down, that means you’re doing it right.

You save that life. Good luck.

Or... Or... Or kill them, I don’t fucking care.

Audio source

[crickets-everywhere]

Just got reminded of the "When they find your bones they'll say your female" comment

and how it won't work on me bc I intend on being cremated <3

[marimbles]

skylands🌤️

[bbbbbbbbatman]

headcanon that tim is the most emotionally mature and competent of all the robins but he doesn't seem like it because he is best at examining and identifying his emotions and what's causing them and stuff, but he just doesn't. He starts to feel any kind of big emotion and he's like 'nope, not doing that right now' and he packs it up in a mental box and puts it away to be thought about later (he never thinks about it later). Like he could sit and think for five minutes and have such a deep understanding of himself but he just says 'no thanks' instead.

[captainsavre]

All Marina Scenes || 4.06 Train in Vain 1/4

[hauntedorpheum]

I mean, we all, we all play a part. But you, It's like... It's like you like it

[sysig]

I invite you to imagine (Patreon)

[milkchuu]

𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒅 | 𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒇𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒏𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔

if you are like me, you struggle with your mental diet, and have negative and intrusive thoughts. you can use this to your advantage in your affirmations!

➛ introduction

➛ i have struggled for a very long time with negative thoughts holding me back, and while looking for ways to get rid of them, I also found a way to weaponize them to get what i want

➛ how it works

➛ if your brain is used to negative self talk and negative thoughts about your current reality, negative affirmations and thoughts might just work better than positive ones, as that's much more familiar and therefore, to your mind, much more realistic

➛ how to

➛ its very simple, just affirm for your goals in negatives! for example "I hate how long my hair is! My hair is simply too long and thick!" or "I hate being this short! Everyone is taller than me, its not fair!"

➛ one of my personal favorites is "I hate how easily I manifest, it's no fun when everything is perfect and instant!"

!!note: i don't know if this has been done before, and if it has, please tell me. i am not trying to pretend someone else's work is mine, so if that's the case, i'm sorry!!

DNI: terf/swerf, abdl/bdsm/nsfw blogs, pro-ed, anti-LGBTQ+/anti-MOGAI, pro-ship, pro-inc*st, anti-endo, (NO)MAP/PEAR/supporter, anti-agere, trump supporter, anti-feminist, anti-BLM/anti-ACAB, abrahamic religions (there's nothing wrong with this one, it's just a trigger for me), will add as i remember other nasty people

[the---hermit]

My Study Method

I have quickly mentioned my study method in several posts through the years but I don't think I have ever written a proper post about it, so here it is.

I have to say that overall my study method is quite time consuming, but in years of experience it's what works best for the type of learner I am, the materials I have to study and the type of exams I have. I believe these three elements are the fundamental things you should figure out when creating your own study method. Let's go over these things quickly. Firstly I am an history student, tho not all my exams are history based (I have taken some language, philosophy, anthropology and litterature classes) so my method is proofed for most humanities. I am a learner with terrible memory, if you give me a list of things to learn by heart expect me to fail because my brain simply cannot do that. So I have to train myself to learn things when studying for an exam. As for the type of matherials I have to work with when studying for an exam, they are mostly full non fiction books, sometimes I have to work on articles as well, and depending on the class I have lectures to attend.

The fundamental element of my study method are the notes I write. That's why in my daily posts I am constatly mentioning them. The lectures I attend are turned into notes, the books and articles I have to read are turned into notes, everything you leave me with for too long will be turned into notes. The very act of writing is what truly helps me get into the topic, understand it, and memorize it. I might write an indepth post on how I write notes in the future, but for now what you must know is that the goal of my notes is to be the only material I actually study in the end. As I mentioned the very act of writing is itself a huge part of my study process. When I am listening to a lecture I try to write down notes as tidy as possible, and then try to fix them at home if needed. So there's not much to say there, as for the materials I have to read here's how I do it. When I get a book I have to study I usually read a chapter and underline all the important bits that I will be transferring to my notes as I am reading. When I am done with the chapter and have the topic still fresh in mind I write down by hand all my notes. The goal is to write everything I need to know, in a direct and easy way using my own words. By re-elaborating the original text I am making sure I am not blindly copying things, and actually understanding stuff. Once the entire book has gone through this process, the book goes back on the shelf and as I said I only work on my notes from then one.

Once I have all my notes ready a long time has probably passed, but in reading and writing I have already started to memorize things in general. I try to highlight my notes as I am writing, but in case I don't I go back once I am done writing, doing a quick reread and highlighting important stuff. I usually use two different colours: yellow for the important dates and another colour for the other informations. At this point there's two more steps left. Repeating and writing key words.

If writing notes can be counted as half of my studying, repeating outloud is the second half. Since I have oral exams I have to make sure I am comfortable with exaplaining things, showing I have understood things and I am not just midlessly reciting a list, and using the right terms. I am a very lucky person because my dad is both retired and quite interested in the topics that I study, which means that I get a lot of help from him in this phase of studying, because basically what I do is following him around the house for a few days exaplaining my notes to him. If you do not have someone to annoy with your study, talking to yourself works too but you have to speak outloud and honestly pretend you are giving a lecture. If you just go over your notes and read them it is not the same thing, it's way less effective. I usually do two rounds of repeating. The first one looks a lot more like reading and saying things outloud in my own words. By the second one I am usually much more comfortable with informations so I have my notes there only to guide me through topics making sure I don't miss anything. Having someone who actively listents to you is definitely a bonus because if they ask you questions they challenge you in the exact same way an oral exam does, and you make sure your exaplainations are as clear as possible.

The very last step is going through my notes one last time with the goal of writing a long list of key words. This is a tool I specifically use to review things quickly the day of the exam. Usually during my commute I reread the list of words in my head and I mentally make sure I remember about everything.

As mentioned this is a longer study method but it truly locks things in your brain, and paying that much attention to note writing also makes them a tool that lasts in time. If I am interested in the informations of any of the books I read during my degree I can pick the notebook in which I wrote those notes and find the information right away without even having to open the actual book. I usually dedicate a whole notebook to each book, in order to archive and find them easily. I will be writing a specific post on the way I write notes, maybe including a few pictures, but in the meantime I hope this was somewhat helpful.